Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are self-renewing, multipotent progenitor cells with multi-lineage potential to differentiate into cell types of mesodermal origin. Due to this attribute, MSCs can differentiate into chondrocytes, which are later replaced by bone. These cells may repair the subchondral bone without any loss of articular cartilage at the surface. MSCs have shown to therapeutically alter the progression of OA by down-regulating the release and expression of the main OA inflammatory factors and chemokines (signaling proteins secreted by cells) directly involved in the progression of the disease. According to the literature, there are reports of significant improvements in joint function, reduction in pain, and an increase of cartilage in the affected joint.

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• Characterization of adipose tissue-derived stromal vascular fraction for clinical application to cartilage regeneration
• Adipose-derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Are Phenotypically Superior for Regeneration in the Setting of Osteonecrosis of the Femoral Head
• Autologous adipose tissue-derived stromal vascular fraction cells application in patients with osteoarthritis
• Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy for knee Osteoarthritis: Preliminary report of Four Patients
• Mesenchymal stem cells for the treatment of cartilage lesions
• Knee chondral injuries:Clinical treatment strategies and experimental models
• Adipose Derived Stem Cells Current State of the Art
• Stem Cell Therapy in a Caprine Model of Osteoarthritis
• Continuous improvement after multiple mesenchymal stem cell transplantations in a patient with complete spinal cord injury

Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) display long-term proliferation, efficient self-renewal, and multipotent differentiation. Because of these characteristics, MSCs may have the ability to stop and reverse degeneration of spinal discs. Some studies have shown anincrease in disc height, disc water content, and gene expression. One of the main biological functions of MSCs is their ability to reproduce cartilage and bone tissue cells (multipotent differentiation capability). This is important in degenerative disc disease, since a large number of cells from the outer ring (annulus fibrosus) and the inner gelatinous (nucleus pulposus) of the discs are of a cartilaginous nature.

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• Cell Therapy for Age related Intervertebral Disc Pathologies Disc
• Stem Cells in Preclinical Spine Studies
• Treatment of Degenerative Disc Disease